Sources

Pages on this site may only cite sources from this registry. Each entry was opened and checked on the date shown. 168 sources are verified; 36 more are waiting for re-verification and are not cited until confirmed. Read how we use them in oureditorial policy.

Federal agencies (34)

• Septic Systems (Decentralized/Onsite Systems) — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• About Septic Systems — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• How Septic Systems Work — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• How to Care for Your Septic System — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Types of Septic Systems — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic System Care and Maintenance — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Frequent Questions on Septic Systems — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Why Maintain Your Septic System — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• New Homebuyer's Guide to Septic Systems (EPA-832-F-17-009, Aug 2017) — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• SepticSmart — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• SepticSmart Week — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Funding for Septic Systems — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Systems Reports, Regulations, Guidance, and Manuals — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual (EPA/625/R-00/008, Feb 2002) - full PDF — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual, Chapter 3: Establishing Treatment System Performance Requirements (EPA/625/R-00/008) — US EPA (copy hosted by Nebraska Dept. of Water, Energy and Environment) (checked 2026-11-04)
• EPA's Decentralized Wastewater Partnership — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Septic Tank - Soil Absorption Systems (EPA 932-F-99-075) — US EPA Office of Water (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Aerobic Treatment (EPA 832-F-00-031) — US EPA Office of Water (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Mound Systems (EPA 832-F-99-074) — US EPA Office of Water (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Septic Tank Leaching Chamber (EPA 832-F-00-044) — US EPA Office of Water (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Septic System Tank (EPA 832-F-00-040) — US EPA Office of Water (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Evapotranspiration (EPA 832-F-00-033) — US EPA Office of Water (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Low Pressure Pipe Systems (EPA 832-F-99-076) — US EPA Office of Water (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet: Septic Tank Effluent Screens — US EPA Office of Water (checked 2026-11-04)
• Decentralized Wastewater Systems Technology Fact Sheets (index page) — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• EPA Launches 'SepticSmart' to Prevent Costly Septic System Problems, Protect Environment (press release) — US EPA (newsroom archive) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Single Family Housing Repair Loans & Grants (Section 504) — USDA Rural Development (checked 2026-11-04)
• 7 CFR 3550.112 Maximum loan and grant — eCFR (Office of the Federal Register) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Good Recipes for the Bay Pollution Diet: U-13 Enhanced Septic Systems (fact sheet; Table 1 Estimated Septic System Technology Costs, courtesy WERF) — Chesapeake Bay Program (EPA-led federal/state partnership) (checked 2026-11-04)
• CPI-U, U.S. city average, All items, not seasonally adjusted (series CUUR0000SA0) via BLS Public Data API — US Bureau of Labor Statistics (checked 2026-11-04)
• Regional Price Parities by State and Metro Area — US Bureau of Economic Analysis (checked 2026-11-04)
• UFS 3-701-01 DoD Facilities Pricing Guide (Unified Facilities Supplement), Chapter 4 Area Cost Factors — US Department of Defense / WBDG (checked 2026-11-04)
• Resolving Septic System Malfunctions — US EPA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Property Transfer Inspections: The Good, The Bad, The Ugly (EPA webinar slides; contributors U of AZ, COWA, NEIWPCC, MPCA, PSMA) — US EPA (archived snapshot) (checked 2026-11-04)

State agencies and state codes (64)

• Minn. R. 7080.1860 Design Flow (Gallons per Day) — Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes (MPCA rule) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Minn. R. 7080.1930 Septic Tank Capacity — Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes (MPCA rule) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Alabama Department of Public Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Arkansas Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (checked 2026-11-04)
• Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (checked 2026-11-04)
• Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Florida Department of Environmental Protection (checked 2026-11-04)
• Hawaii State Department of Health (HDOH) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Hawaii State Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Illinois Department of Public Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Iowa Department of Natural Resources (checked 2026-11-04)
• Mississippi State Department of Health (MSDH) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Mississippi State Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Montana Department of Environmental Quality (checked 2026-11-04)
• Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (checked 2026-11-04)
• North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services — onsite wastewater (septic) program — North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services (checked 2026-11-04)
• North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality (NDDEQ) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — North Dakota Department of Environmental Quality (checked 2026-11-04)
• Ohio Adm. Code 3701-29-12 (copy at Cornell LII) — Cornell Law School LII (checked 2026-11-04)
• Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (checked 2026-11-04)
• Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (checked 2026-11-04)
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (checked 2026-11-04)
• 25 Pa. Code § 73.31 Estimating sewage flows — Pennsylvania Code & Bulletin (checked 2026-11-04)
• S.C. Code Regs. R. 61-56.201 (copy at Cornell LII) — Cornell Law School LII (checked 2026-11-04)
• South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — South Dakota Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (checked 2026-11-04)
• Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 0400-48-01-.08 (copy at Cornell LII) — Cornell Law School LII (checked 2026-11-04)
• Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (checked 2026-11-04)
• Virginia Department of Health (VDH) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Virginia Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• 12VAC5-610-815 Septic tank capacity (Sewage Handling and Disposal Regulations) — Virginia Legislative Information System (checked 2026-11-04)
• Washington State Department of Health (DOH) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Washington State Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• WAC 246-272A-0232 Design requirements — Septic tanks — Washington State Legislature (checked 2026-11-04)
• Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) — onsite wastewater (septic) program — Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (checked 2026-11-04)
• Wyo. Code R. 020.0011.25 Small wastewater systems, septic tanks (copy at Cornell LII) — Cornell Law School LII (checked 2026-11-04)
• 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 285.21 - Fees (OSSF) — Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (rule text via Cornell LII mirror) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Virginia Appropriation Act 2026 (HB30, Chapter 1), Item 281 - VDH onsite sewage fees — Virginia General Assembly (budget.lis.virginia.gov) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 0400-48-01-.21 Fees for Services (subsurface sewage disposal) — Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (rule text via Cornell LII mirror) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Upgrade Incentive Program - Installer Flyer — Florida Department of Environmental Protection (checked 2026-11-04)
• Title 5/Septic Systems: Financial Assistance Opportunities for System Owners — Commonwealth of Massachusetts (mass.gov) (checked 2026-11-04)
• PENNVEST Homeowner Sewage Program — Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority (PENNVEST) (checked 2026-11-04)
• VDH's Septic and Well Assistance Program (SWAP) — Virginia Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• VEE Septic Grant - James River Septic System Repair Cost Share Program — Virginia Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Celebrating clean water funding with SepticSmart Week (blog) — Washington State Department of Ecology (checked 2026-11-04)
• SepticSmart Week: Funding your septic fix (blog) — Washington State Department of Ecology (checked 2026-11-04)
• Minn. R. 7080.2150 Final treatment and dispersal criteria (Tables IX and IXa, soil loading rates) — Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes (checked 2026-11-04)
• Understanding Septic Systems (Act 537 Fact Sheet #1, 3800-FS-DEP1414) — Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (hosted by Halifax Township) (checked 2026-11-04)
• 25 Pa. Code § 73.15 Percolation tests — Pennsylvania Code & Bulletin (checked 2026-11-04)
• Minnesota Rules 7080.1720 Field Evaluation — Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes (MPCA rule) (checked 2026-11-04)
• 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 285.30 Site Evaluation — TCEQ via Cornell LII (checked 2026-11-04)
• WAC 246-272A-0220 Soil and site evaluation — Washington State Legislature (DOH rule) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Ohio Admin. Code 3701-29-07 Soil evaluation and soil evaluators — Ohio Department of Health via Cornell LII (checked 2026-11-04)
• Onsite Sewage and Well Fee Information (Effective July 1, 2019) — Virginia Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Local Authorized On-Site Soil Evaluators — Virginia Department of Health, West Piedmont Health District (checked 2026-11-04)
• Rule 62-6.030 Fees (adopted version effective 06/08/2026) — Florida Administrative Code (flrules.org) (checked 2026-11-04)
• 310 CMR 15.301 - Inspection at transfer of title (Title 5) — Massachusetts DEP regulation (text via Cornell LII) (checked 2026-11-04)
• 310 CMR 15.303 - Systems failing to protect public health — Massachusetts DEP regulation (text via Cornell LII) (checked 2026-11-04)
• 310 CMR 15.340 - Qualifications of System Inspectors — Massachusetts DEP regulation (text via Cornell LII) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Time of Transfer — Iowa Department of Natural Resources (checked 2026-11-04)
• Iowa Admin. Code 567-69.7(455B) Time of transfer (TOT) inspections — Iowa Legislature (Iowa Administrative Code) (checked 2026-11-04)
• WAC 246-272A-0270 Owner responsibilities — Washington State Legislature (checked 2026-11-04)
• Ariz. Admin. Code R18-9-A316 Transfer of Ownership Inspection — Arizona DEQ regulation (text via Cornell LII) (checked 2026-11-04)
• 7 Del. Admin. Code 7101-5.0 Small Systems (On-Site Wastewater regulations) — Delaware DNREC regulation (text via Cornell LII) (checked 2026-11-04)
• DNREC septic system care news release — State of Delaware News (DNREC) (checked 2026-11-04)
• R.I. Gen. Laws 23-19.15-12 Cesspool removal and replacement requirements at property transfer — Rhode Island General Laws (text via FindLaw, current as of 2026-01-01) (checked 2026-11-04)
• 250-RICR-150-10-6.57 Cesspool Phase-out — Rhode Island DEM regulation (text via Cornell LII) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Minn. Stat. 115.55 Subsurface Sewage Treatment Systems — Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes (checked 2026-11-04)
• Fla. Admin. Code R. 62-6.011 Abandonment of Systems — Florida regulation (text via Cornell LII) (checked 2026-11-04)
• 30 Tex. Admin. Code 285.3 General Requirements (OSSF) — TCEQ regulation (text via Cornell LII) (checked 2026-11-04)

County and local agencies (25)

• Environmental Public Health Fee Schedule 2025-2026 — Florida Department of Health in Seminole County (checked 2026-11-04)
• Environmental Health Fees — Union County, NC Environmental Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Form 100 - Standard OWTS Application — Jefferson County (CO) Public Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Onsite (Septic) Wastewater Fee Table — Maricopa County Environmental Services Department (checked 2026-11-04)
• Outline of soil testing and permitting for on-lot septic systems — Jackson Township (Luzerne County, PA) SEO (checked 2026-11-04)
• South Penn Code 2026 Fee Schedule for Manchester Borough (SEO fees) — Manchester Borough, PA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Sewer and Water — Sewage Enforcement Officer's Fees Updated 2024 — Codorus Township, York County, PA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Morrison County Fee Schedule (Effective 1/1/2026) — Morrison County, MN (checked 2026-11-04)
• 2025 Environmental Health Fees — San Juan County, WA (checked 2026-11-04)
• Process for a Home Sewage Treatment System (HSTS) Installation Permit — Logan County Health District, OH (checked 2026-11-04)
• Wastewater (Septic Systems) Fees — Wake County, NC (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic and Wastewater Management FAQs — Wake County, NC (checked 2026-11-04)
• Environmental Public Health Fee Schedule 2025-2026 — Florida Department of Health in Seminole County (checked 2026-11-04)
• Applying for a Residential Septic Tank Permit — Oconee County Environmental Health (Northeast Health District), GA (checked 2026-11-04)
• 2025 Environmental Health Fee Schedule — OSTDS / Wells — Public Health, Delta & Menominee Counties, MI (checked 2026-11-04)
• Fee Schedule — Residential OWTS — Delta County, CO (checked 2026-11-04)
• Title 5 Septic Inspections — Town of Conway, MA Board of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Shutesbury Board of Health fee schedule — Town of Shutesbury, MA Board of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Transfer of Property Septic Inspection — Pima County, AZ (checked 2026-11-04)
• Onsite Wastewater (Septic Systems) - Ownership Transfer — Maricopa County, AZ (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic System Requirements (selling property) — Dakota County, MN (checked 2026-11-04)
• Maintenance Program (POWTS) — Manitowoc County, WI Planning and Zoning (checked 2026-11-04)
• On-site Wastewater Treatment System Transfer of Title Application — Pueblo Department of Public Health and Environment, CO (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septage disposal costs — King County, WA Wastewater Treatment Division (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septage Haulers (Massaponax WWTF rates) — Spotsylvania County, VA (checked 2026-11-04)

University cooperative extensions (24)

• Septic Tank Pumping — Penn State Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Systems and Their Maintenance (SoilFacts AG-439-13) — NC State Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Tank Maintenance (EC 1343) — Oregon State University Extension Service (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic System Maintenance (AEX-740) — Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Tank Maintenance: A Key to Longer Septic System Life (MF-947) — Kansas State University Research and Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Tank/Soil Absorption Field (L-5227) — Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• OSSF Educational Materials (publications list) — Texas A&M AgriLife Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Pumping — University of Maryland Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• What to Expect When Getting Your Septic Tank Pumped (SPES-574NP) — Virginia Cooperative Extension (Virginia Tech) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Residential Onsite Wastewater Treatment: Septic Tank and Drainfield Maintenance (NebGuide G1424) — University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• Domestic Sewage FAQs — UNL Water, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (checked 2026-11-04)
• Be Septic Safe — Clemson University Cooperative Extension (Water Resources) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Household Wastewater Treatment including Septic Systems — Cornell University / Cornell Cooperative Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic systems can't be neglected forever — University of Georgia CAES Field Report (checked 2026-11-04)
• Maintaining Septic Systems — University of Rhode Island Cooperative Extension, Onsite Wastewater Resource Center (checked 2026-11-04)
• Smart Ways to Keep Your On-site Sewage System Working for You (AY-377-W) — Purdue Extension with Indiana Department of Health (checked 2026-11-04)
• Be Septic Safe: How to Apply for a South Carolina Septic Permit (HGIC 1904) — Clemson Cooperative Extension Home & Garden Information Center (checked 2026-11-04)
• Investigate Before You Invest — NC State Extension (Matt Ricker, Erik Severson) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Site and Soil Evaluation for Onsite Wastewater Systems (MF-2645) — K-State Research and Extension (Chisam, Powell, Willingham) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Soil & Site Evaluation — University of Nebraska-Lincoln Water / Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• On-Lot Septic System Inspections During Real Estate Transactions — Penn State Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• Why Do Septic Systems Fail? (AG-439-44) — NC State Extension (checked 2026-11-04)
• Why do septic systems fail? (EC 1340) — Oregon State University Extension Service (checked 2026-11-04)
• Pumper / Service Provider - Need to Know (training outline) — University of Arizona Cooperative Extension (checked 2026-11-04)

Standards bodies (3)

• NSF/ANSI 40 Residential Wastewater Treatment Systems - Certified Listings — NSF International (checked 2026-11-04)
• NSF/ANSI 245 Wastewater Treatment Systems - Nitrogen Reduction - Certified Listings — NSF International (checked 2026-11-04)
• NSF Wastewater Listing Category Search (NSF/ANSI 40, 245, 350, 46) — NSF International (checked 2026-11-04)

Professional associations (2)

• NOWRA Homeowners Septic Guidebook — Rural Community Assistance Partnership (RCAP) with NOWRA, EPA-funded (checked 2026-11-04)
• 2024 Issue Brief: Septic Code — Michigan Association of Counties (checked 2026-11-04)

Manufacturer specifications (9)

• Norwesco Water & Waste Management Catalog (2020) — Norwesco, Inc. (checked 2026-11-04)
• Waste Water Tanks (product category) — Norwesco, Inc. (checked 2026-11-04)
• IM-1060 Tank — Infiltrator Water Technologies (an ADS company) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Quick4 Plus Standard Low Profile Chamber — Infiltrator Water Technologies (an ADS company) (checked 2026-11-04)
• FT-Series Biotube Residential Effluent Filters — Orenco Systems, Inc. (checked 2026-11-04)
• AdvanTex Treatment Systems — Orenco Systems, Inc. (checked 2026-11-04)
• Pedestrian Rated Septic Tank - 1000 gal - End Access - Tuf-Tite Lid — Jensen Precast (Jensen Infrastructure) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Pedestrian Rated Septic Tank - 1250 gal - Baffle Access - AZ Market — Jensen Precast (Jensen Infrastructure) (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Tank JS 1500 gal. 24"E, 30"E Pedestrian Rated — Jensen Precast (Jensen Infrastructure) (checked 2026-11-04)

Market cost surveys (cross-checks only, never the basis of a fact) (7)

• How Much Does Septic Tank Installation Cost? (SECONDARY) — Today's Homeowner (checked 2026-11-04)
• How Much Does Septic Tank Pumping Cost? (SECONDARY) — Today's Homeowner (checked 2026-11-04)
• How Much Does a Septic Tank Installation Cost? (SECONDARY; data sourced from Angi) — This Old House (checked 2026-11-04)
• How Much Does It Cost to Pump a Septic Tank? (2026 Pricing) (SECONDARY; data sourced from Angi) — This Old House (checked 2026-11-04)
• Septic Tanks: A Comprehensive Guide for Homeowners (SECONDARY; data sourced from Angi) — This Old House (checked 2026-11-04)
• Perc Test Cost — Fixr.com (commercial) (checked 2026-11-04)
• How Much Does It Cost to Replace a Septic Tank and Drain Field? — Bob Vila (checked 2026-11-04)